Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Capital Punishment

The death penalty Acquaintance Capital discipline alludes with the demonstration of slaughtering a person who has been seen as liable of perpetrating a specific wrongdoing (Gottfried, 2003, p.35). The death penalty is an extreme type of discipline on the grounds that a casualty can't cancel a capital punishment. A less extreme option in contrast to capital punishment is life detainment. Regardless of its reality, a few nations despite everything practice capital punishment.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Capital Punishment explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The discussion on whether the death penalty is moral and good has inspired various feelings in various social orders. Defenders of the death penalty contend that it ensures perpetual security and wellbeing to networks, it stops wrongdoing, it is proper for certain violations, for example, murder, and it is less expensive (Gottfried, 2003, p.37). Then again, rivals contend that it is barbaric, it is out of li ne on the off chance that somebody is wrongly indicted, it is an infringement of human rights, it influences the enthusiastic and mental prosperity of a victim’s relatives, and it is against God’s will (Gottfried, 2003, p.41). The death penalty ought to be reaffirmed in light of the fact that it is a powerful strategy that could be utilized to prevent wrongdoing and improve security. In the United States, 35 states have capital punishment in their legitimate framework. As per the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there have been 1226 capital punishments in the United States since the year 1976 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). In 2010, there were 38 executions. This number diminished from 106 executions in 2009 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). A few techniques used to execute hoodlums incorporate hanging, shooting by a terminating crew, inebriation in a gas chamber, electric shock, and deadly infusion. Contentions for the death penalty Capital discipline has a few points of interest that render it substantial as a type of discipline for wrongdoing. In the first place, it ensures the wellbeing and security of jail staff and the individuals in the outer network (McCafferty, 2011, p.58). People who get a capital punishment are generally risky and profoundly savage individuals. Executed hoodlums can't perpetrate violations either after their discharge from jail or in jail. Their execution ensures the security of jail staff and the general population. Their demise is an affirmation of security since they can't proceed with their unlawful demonstrations and this improves security.Advertising Looking for article on criminal law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the death penalty prevents wrongdoing by disheartening lawbreakers from taking part in wrongdoing (Gottfried, 2003, p.42). In nations, for example, Singapore that have capital punishment, lower paces of wrongdoing have been accounted for. The deat h penalty discourages wrongdoing in view of its serious outcomes. Between the years 1993 and 1997, capital punishment was generally utilized in the United States because of an ascent in wrongdoing. Thus, the pace of homicide dropped from 24,562 individuals to 18, 209 individuals (McCafferty, 2011, p.54). This drop was because of the shirking of the extreme results of the death penalty by hoodlums. Thirdly, it is the correct type of discipline for specific wrongdoings since it is equivalent to the wrongdoing submitted (Gottfried, 2003, p.45). For instance, the death penalty is the best discipline for homicide since it is equivalent to the wrongdoing. Some other type of discipline would be unjustifiable in light of the fact that it would be less genuine than the wrongdoing itself. Advocates contend that survivors of wrongdoing get equity when lawbreakers are slaughtered in light of the fact that the punishment is equivalent to the wrongdoing submitted. The individual is made to pay by death with respect to the wrongdoing submitted. Fourthly, the death penalty is less exorbitant that different types of discipline, for example, life detainment (Gottfried, 2003, p.46). The expense of detaining a person forever is more than the expense of murdering the person. It is rationale to grant a capital punishment to a person rather than life detainment since it forestalls utilization of government assets, which are rather utilized for other progressively feasible undertakings. Contentions against the death penalty Opponents of the death penalty present a few contentions to help the abolishment of the death penalty. To begin with, they contend that it is exploitative and barbarous (McCafferty, 2011, p.61). Slaughtering an individual is barbaric despite the fact that the individual may have acted in a brutal way. They guarantee that every individual has an option to life and ought not be executed under any condition. The death penalty is brutal in light of the fact that the s trategies utilized for execution dispense extraordinary agony and enduring to the person. In that capacity, the individual’s right to life is abused. Despite the fact that a criminal practices savagery by carrying out a wrongdoing, executing the individual doesn't take care of the issue entirely.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Capital Punishment explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital discipline is unexpected on the grounds that its principle instructing is that slaughtering somebody who has murdered is good and legitimate (McCafferty, 2011, p.62). In any case, this contention is uncertain in light of the fact that various societies decipher the idea of humankind in an unexpected way. Also, it is an out of line type of discipline for people who are indicted wrongly. For instance, since 1976, 130 individuals have been discharged from death row after they were demonstrated honest (McCafferty, 2011, p.64). In extreme cases, a few peopl e are murdered in the wake of being wrongly indicted. It is out of line for an individual to be executed despite the fact that he/she is blameless. A few people have been demonstrated guiltless however the evidence of their honesty came past the point of no return that they were executed before they were discharged. What's more, a few crooks request an opportunity to change their ways and become better residents. Be that as it may, with a capital punishment, that is inconceivable. For a situation where a blameless individual is executed, the execution is irreversible, and the administration lives with the blame of executing a guiltless resident. The way that a blameless individual could be wrongly indicted is anything but a sufficient motivation to annul the death penalty. This is on the grounds that similarly, blameworthy people could be wrongly discharged for absence of enough proof (McCafferty, 2011, p.68). Thirdly, the death penalty is an infringement of the human right to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.73). In spite of the level of a wrongdoing submitted by an individual, slaughtering him/her damages his/her entitlement to life. This contention changes from society to society since human rights are controlled by variables, for example, religion, social convictions and religion, which fluctuate among social orders. Adversaries contend that sentences, for example, life detainment could be granted rather than the death penalty since they don't damage an individual’s right to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.74). In certain social orders, the translation of human rights permits the death penalty for people who abuse the human privileges of others. Fourthly, the death penalty isn't reasonable and may make passionate and mental injury a victim’s relatives (McCafferty, 2011, p.71). In nations where it is rehearsed, the death penalty is a type of remuneration for a wrongdoing carried out utilizing the life of the crook. This is shameless in light of the fact that two wrongs can't make a right. An individual merits an opportunity to change for a superior life.Advertising Searching for article on criminal law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Likewise, the torment experienced in executions could be horrendous. The level of torment relies upon the strategy for execution utilized. Regardless of the strategy utilized, the agony influences both the individual and his/her family. Relatives might be damaged and as such endure sincerely and mentally, which may influence their lives adversely (Gottfried, 2003, p.72). For instance, if the individual has small kids, they might be not able to live ordinary lives attributable with the impacts of the information on their father’s execution. Fifthly, the death penalty denies the casualties an opportunity to change and practice profound recovery (Gottfried, 2003, p.75). Despite the fact that an individual might be grieved and sorry for carrying out a wrongdoing, reorganization is incomprehensible with a capital punishment. In many social orders, profound reclamation is viewed as a need for the most part at the hour of death. Profound reclamation implies making harmony with indivi dual people and God before death. In any case, the death penalty casualties don't get this chance. Rivals consider the death penalty dishonest on the grounds that they contend that passing ought to be characteristic and not incited at all. End Capital discipline is the slaughtering of a person who has been indicted for carrying out a specific wrongdoing. The issue of whether the death penalty is good and moral is a disputable one. A few nations have canceled it while others despite everything practice it. For instance, in the United States, 35 gazes practice the death penalty. Advocates contend that it prevents wrongdoing, ensures perpetual security, it is suitable for violations, for example, murder and assault, and it is less expensive than elective disciplines, for example, life detainment. Rivals contend that it is cruel, might be out of line on the off chance that somebody is wrongly sentenced, it is an infringement of human rights, it influences the enthusiastic and mental pro sperity of relatives and it s out of line. The death penalty ought to be reaffirmed in light of the fact that it is the best strategy for halting wrongdoing and subsequently improving the security and wellbeing surprisingly. References Gottfried, T2003, Capital Punishment: the Death Penalty Debate, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania. McCafferty, J 2011, Capital Punishment, Aldine Transaction, New York.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

The Gender Theory Essay Example for Free

The Gender Theory Essay Shopping is something that can be immediately characterized as a woman’s heaven or â€Å"realm of expertise†. It has frequently been said that ladies invest more energy and cash shopping that men invest time and cash shopping. In my analysis, I will go to Costco and pick five individuals at irregular. I plan to demonstrate that ladies will invest more energy and cash shopping at Costco than men will invest time and cash at Costco. I likewise mean to demonstrate that more ladies will require help with putting their things in their vehicles than men will require help with setting their things in their vehicles. The sexual orientation job hypothesis assumed a critical job in this trial. In the hypothesis, ladies accept the job of the nurturer and guardian. Men, then again, accept the job of the defender and the attacker. Subject A-Female (37) 1. Time went through in Costco-two hours. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$149. 27. 3. Help required with setting things in vehicle? No Subject B-Female (52) 1. Time went through in Costco 60 minutes. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$50. 12. 3. Help required with setting things in vehicle? No Venus versus Mars 3 Subject C-Male (31) 1. Time went through in Costco-three hours and thirty minutes. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$412. 92. 3. Help required with setting things in vehicle? Indeed Subject D-Male (47) 1. Time went through in Costco-three hours. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$371. 58. 3. Help required with putting things in vehicle? Truly Subject E-Male (22) 1. Time went through in Costco-twenty minutes. 2. Sum spent in Costco-$22. 12. 3. Help required with setting things in vehicle? No The sex job hypothesis was exchanged with the guineas pigs. The ladies, Subjects An and B, were cautious when drawn closer for the examination. The two of them were short and to the point with their answers. They were both forceful to the point wherein they requested that I remain in any event an a safe distance away from them. The men, then again, were an incredible inverse. Subjects C and D both were welcoming and loquacious. The two of them shook my hand and held long discussions with me after I helped them with putting the things in their separate vehicles. Subject E acted a similar route as Subjects An and B. Venus versus Mars 4 The normal result didn't happen. Out of the five guineas pigs, the men invested more energy and cash shopping at Costco. The men, generally, were the ones who required help with putting their assets in their vehicles. In the event that this investigation were to be performed once more, more guineas pigs ought to be utilized so as to have a reason for demonstrating or invalidating the sexual orientation hypothesis.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Reasons Behind the Rise in Heroin Use

Reasons Behind the Rise in Heroin Use Addiction Drug Use Heroin Print Reasons Behind the Rise in Heroin Use By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 18, 2019 copy Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery There is little doubt that heroin use is making a comeback in the United States given the increase in the number of seizures of the illegal drug at U.S. borders and the rapid increase in overdose deaths reported throughout the country. The difference now is heroin use is not limited to the dark corners and back alleys of urban America, its finding its way into rural back roads, suburban streets, and high-end apartments in New York City, cutting across all demographic groups. The Reach of Heroin Almost daily, news articles from law enforcement and health officials across the nation report sharp local increases in heroin overdose deaths. In Vermont, Gov. Pete Shumlin devoted his entire 2014 annual address to the legislature to what he called the heroin crisis in the state. The current prevalence and reach of heroin use in society were  seen in the death of Academy Award-winning actor Philip Seymour Hoffman, who was found dead with a needle in his arm and 70 bags of heroin in his $10,000-a-month New York apartment. Heroin FAQ Heroin Use Increases Sharply According to data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), heroin use rose sharply for people ages 12 to 49 between 2007 and 2011. However, the trend appears to be reversing for first-time use, even as the numbers of those addicted climb. Past-month heroin users rose from 373,000 in 2007 to 620,000 in 2011, but declined to 435,000 in 2014 and 329,000 in 2015.Those addicted to heroin increased from 179,000 in 2005 to 369,000 in 2011 and to 591,000 in 2015.First-time heroin users jumped from 106,000 in 2005 to 212,000 in 2014 but declined to 135,000 in 2015.The age of initiation of heroin use trended toward younger ages from 2005 to 2010 but reversed and by 2014 was at an older age than ever at 29.6 years old.A positive trend is that more users who inject heroin are seeking treatment, increasing from 26% in 2003 to 46% in 2013. The vast majority have no wait or only a one-week wait to enter treatment in 2013. Heroin Overdose Deaths Increasing The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration developed its 2016 National Drug Threat Assessment Summary using data from more than a thousand state and local law enforcement agencies. According to the DEAs report, deaths attributed to heroin overdose rose sharply from 1,879 in 2004 to 10,574 deaths in 2014. The DEA attributed the increase in deaths from heroin overdose to three factors: the availability of high-purity heroin, people abusing prescriptions turning to heroin, and people using heroin for the first time at a younger age. Availability of High-Purity Heroin Law Enforcement officials in every area where an increase of heroin overdose deaths has been seen  also reported an increase of high-purity heroin available at the street level. Southwest border seizures of heroin increased 352% from 2008 to 2015, according to the DEA. Officials believe the increase in higher purity heroin into the U.S. is coming from Mexico and South America, expanding into areas of the country used to a less-pure form of the drug.   The Different Types of Heroin Prescription Drug Abusers Switching to Heroin The crackdown by federal and state authorities on the prescription drug abuse epidemic had some unintended consequences. The focus on shutting down pill mills and doctor shopping made prescription drugs like OxyContin more difficult to get and more expensive. Consequently, many former pain pill abusers turned to heroin instead because it was readily available and less expensive. According to SAMHSA, people who previously used prescription pain pills non-medically were 19 times more likely to initiate heroin use than non-prescription abusers. In fact, SAMHSAs 2013 report showed that almost four out of five (79.5%) of new heroin users previously abused prescription pain relievers. Law enforcement and treatment officials likewise report that a majority of heroin users they encounter previously abused prescription opioids. Can Prescription Abuse Lead to Heroin Use? New Heroin Users Were Younger Another factor DEA officials think contributes to heroin overdose deaths is that more people were using the drug at a younger age. The average age of first use of heroin dropped significantly from 2007 to 2010, reaching a low of 21.4 years. However, that trend reversed and the age of initiation climbed back to 29.6 years in 2014. Overdose deaths could be attributed, in part, to the fact that many young people are also  binge drinkers. The combination can be a deadly one. What Is the Danger? There are two main dangers in using heroin: it is highly addictive and it has a high risk of accidental overdose. Unlike prescription drugs, heroin purity and dosage amounts can vary widely. Basically, the heroin user never really knows what level of dosage they may be taking. If someone is used to using a form of heroin that has been heavily cut or stepped on by mixing it with other ingredients and they suddenly find themselves with a batch of pure heroin, the consequences can be fatal. The Health Effects of Heroin Combined With Other Drugs Sometimes heroin dealers mix the drug with other substances. For example, a batch of heroin sold in bags marked Theraflu, Bad Ice, or Income Tax was mixed with the potent painkiller fentanyl and was blamed for 22 overdose deaths in the Pittsburgh area, proving again that heroin users never know what they are getting. Also, heroin is the most commonly found illicit substance involved in accidental alcohol and/or drug intoxication deaths. Drinking alcohol with any opioid is highly dangerous because both are central nervous system depressants that can combine to stop the users breathing. The DEA is working to address this by increasing the awareness among practitioners and pharmacists of the heroin and prescription drug problem. Heroin: Everything You’ve Been Afraid to Ask

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Childs Real Time Referential Processing Development

Introduction Language processing has been a largely studied area of research over the past _ years. More recently, studies have looked into real-time referential processing abilities in children in order to understand how processing works as well as what contributes to levels of efficiency. Some factors that effect proficiency of this ability includes exposure to infant-directed speech, onset of exposure to first language, socioeconomic status, as well as various individual differences such as language impairments and/or deafness. This paper strives to collect supporting ideas of what factors contribute to a child’s real time referential processing development. Exposure to Language In some cultures, around the world, it is common to†¦show more content†¦The findings support that experiencing language fosters development of vocabulary through positively influenced processing efficiency. It has also been seen that children from higher socioeconomic status families show greater interaction and exposure to language which leads to larger vocabularies as well as efficient real-time processing (Fernald, A., Marchman, V. A., Weisleder, A., 2013). Ultimately, children who are more exposed to speech are able to interpret words, create mental lexicon representations leading them to be able to familiarize with words quicker and with better accuracy during speech in real-time. This ability later shows rapid growth in vocabulary. (Weisleder et al., 2013) The looking-while-listening test is a good resource, however in some cases this test cannot be used. Such reasons arise in the assessment of deaf children that heavily rely on ASL signs as their primary tool for communication. Spoken language learning processes require visual and auditory modalities where as comprehension and processing of sign language requires visual attention to real world referents as well as attention to visual linguistic signs (Lieberman et al., 2015). Lieberman et al. (2015) at the University of California looked at real time processing in ASL signs and finds evidence to support that when deaf children are exposed to ASL from birth, they are developing sub lexical features within their

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Ethics And Professionalism Ethics - 1887 Words

TITLE AUTHOR DATE TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary The purpose of this report was to investigate the issues of professionalism, ethics, code of ethical conduct, social issues in IT, copyright and the law, cultural issues in IT, and security, and what benefits or perceived disadvantages these offer in relation to Smartweb as a business. The author found that, in relation to the issue of ethics and professionalism, (Chron, 2014)’s argument about the benefits of ethics and professionalism appear to far outweigh the opposing argument of ‘The Unexpected Affective Benefits of Unethical Behaviour’ (July 2013). When addressing the issue of a code of ethics, JosephsonInsitution(December 2013)’s arguments for adhering to a code of ethics, in the authors view, outweighed the argument put forward by SmallBusinessChron(N.D) which voted against such a code. The cultural issues in IT were addressed by (Chron, N.D) and (InsideBusiness360, August 2012) who said that communication barriers and discrimination could be perceived as disadvantages when it comes to having a more culturally sensitive workplace, however the author believes that AbsoluteIT (August 2014) and (Forbes, March 2012) put forward a better argument for maintaining a more culturally sensitive workplace. The author believes that, while addressing the social issues surrounding IT, (Bell, 2013) and (DeMers, 2014)’s points supporting the increased brand recognition and loyalty outweighed the perceived disadvantagesShow MoreRelatedEthics and Professionalism in Nursing500 Words   |  2 PagesEthics and Professionalism in Nursing The combination of professionalism and ethics can be equated with an extraordinary nurse because they are core components in the nursing profession and crucial to patient trust, confidence and wellbeing. 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Business must have a society commitment otherwise businesses cannot enjoyRead MoreThe State of Ethics and Professionalism in the Field of Entrepreneurship674 Words   |  3 Pages Ethics and professionalism are important aspects in any career field. As a business person, it is easy for the author to consider ethics and professionalism being forefront issues in creating a lasting business anywhere in the world. In this project, research was carried out regarding ethics and professionalism in entrepreneurship. This research was done on the widest basis and not specifically of entrepreneurship in the information technology industry. The assumption being, ethics and professionalismRead MoreThe Importance Of Ethics And Professionalism At Aaa Colorado1282 Words   |  6 Pagesthis by empowering and enabling our diverse workforce for success, using cutting edge technologies to decrease member wait time and increase employee efficiency and productivity. 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(Brown, 2013) Over the course of many doctors/Read MoreMotivation Of Professionalism And Success1188 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 101 28 February 2015 Motivation to Professionalism Student professionalism and success are required to work together to motivate the student to be an efficient employee in the future. I am a good example of a student in progress because I always arrive on time to my classes or work; follow any directions from my professors or employers, and follow ethics that influence my professional behavior towards other individuals. These ideas and ethics will benefit me in the future because it willRead MoreProfessionalism Is Essential For Providing Quality Care1084 Words   |  5 Pagesin general, should possess is a high standard of professionalism. Professionalism is â€Å"a specific style or behavior in the workplace† (Campbell) which is an umbrella with so many factors that fall under it and contribute to it. Some of these factors are different attributes and behaviors, some are the way a nurse approaches the patient, and some have to do with a code that the nurse follows everyday when they are working as a nurse. Professionalism is an important factor in building trust with patients

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Correlation Between Mental Illness and Violence and Crime...

Literature Analysis and Research Proposal of the Correlation between Mental Illness and Violence and Crime Over the past few decades, many researches have strived to test and explain the correlation between violence and crime and mental illness. Moore and Hiday (2006) assert that up 22% of inmates has a mental illness, sometimes containing more mental illness patients than many psychiatric units. Due to these statistics it is evident how important it is to understand the causes of the correlations between crime and violence and mental disorders. This proposal wishes to explain and understand the possible correlation and the reasons for such correlation between mental health illnesses and violence and crime. Further research to test†¦show more content†¦These theories strive to explain how these factors may have an influence of crime and mental illness. Social Learning Theory and Mental Illness The Social Learning Theory strives to show how behaviors are acquired and maintained through various techniques. According to this theory, three basic constructs are apparent. Differential association explains that a person engages themselves in a group that has an acceptance toward crime as a possible means of obtaining necessary life goals. People engaged in these groups learn to view crime as either positive or negative. Differential reinforcement explains how well the participation in crime is accepted and imitation is the final acceptance of the crime by observing others and committing the crime as well. Applied to mental illness, individuals with mental illness are more likely to be engaged with individuals of these ideals due to excessive exposure from close contact in low socioeconomic areas. Social Stress and Mental Illness According to the Social Stress Theory, crime and violence is related to the amount of stress felt in one’s life. Applied to mental health, it is proposed that mental illness will lead to stressful situations in life which will in turn lead to crime and violence (Silver 2006). Stressful life events have shown a relation to an increase inShow MoreRelatedMental Illness and Violent Crime1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe stereotype that goes hand in hand with mental illness that though seems to have improved over the years is still pervasive. Teplin, Abram McClelland (1994) state that people in general, believe that people with mental illness are more likely to commit violent crime with those without mental illness. In their study they seek to find evidence to that statement – to learn if having a mental illness increases the likeliness of violent crime and recidivism after release from prison. This authorRead MoreAre People With Mental Illn ess Dangerous?796 Words   |  4 PagesWe hear on the news about how a person has committed a homicide, or even a treacherous crime. 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Tuesday, May 5, 2020

What techniques has Leon Gast applied to engage hi Essay Example For Students

What techniques has Leon Gast applied to engage hi Essay s audience in WhenThroughout the year I have been studying the documentary When We Were Kings based around the 1974 World Boxing Championship fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. The fight was staged in Zaire, Africa and is subsequently predominantly an African influenced film, although still effective in delivering the story and exposition of one of the greatest sporting moments of our modern era. Through use of a complex sound track including live sound and interviews from the past Gast is able to entice me to continue viewing the colourful, musical and exciting documentary. Using a majority of archival footage combined with a cast of experts and witness Leon Gast captures the moment whilst providing us with the necessary background information and detail. A number of questions are asked and social issues raised providing us with a contrast of morals and ideals creating a fast moving, intriguing look at an event adopted in to boxing folklore as the greatest of all time. Although Gast is unable to incorporate much of his craft due to a majority of archival footage he is still able to build tension and demonstrate importance through his shot selection, use of motifs and selection of music. When I viewed Gasts dramatic yet uplifting look at the 1974 World Heavyweight Boxing title fight in Zaire, I was engaged through his use of evocative and up-beat music. Music plays almost constantly throughout and is effective in establishing a mood of fun and excitement about the brutal bout. To begin the film Gast introduces us to the tribal rhythms of Zaire, I believe to signify the origins of both fighters and the importance of cultural links between America, Africa and the evolution of popular culture. Gast also employs the use of a mysterious African women a dancer and performer through use of close ups and intense, tension building rhythms. She appears throughout the documentary and we are told later that a witch doctor predicted Foreman might be defeated by use of a voodoo spell involving a woman with fluttering hands. Whether there is any element of truth to the prediction, Gasts inclusion of this native African lady is clearly to provide an element of mystery and intrigue around not only the fight in Zaire, but also Alis greatness. The tribal rhythms and traditional African music work well for Gast and are effective in portraying the mood and atmosphere surrounding events leading up to the shock defeat of then heavyweight champion of the world, George Foreman. Gasts use of live footage from the African Woodstock of superstars of the music of the day James Brown, and BB King I found particularly effective in portraying the importance of a culture returning to its origins. The energy created by performers such as James Brown can do nothing but up the tempo and build excitement, while the slow, sombre blues solos of BB king remind us of Alis daunting task. Gast has been able to provide tempo and excitement to a lot of his black and white / archival footage and engages us by launching in to exciting music straight after the slower, almost monotonous compared with the rest of the film recounts of historical witness such as Norman Mailer and George Pl impton. The music used by Gast is by Alis definition the music of my brothers or black mans music and what better music to reflect the mood and atmosphere at the pinnacle of Alis career and breaking free of black America. Gast began filming When We Were Kings in 1974 after he was hired to go and film the rock concert that was to be staged alongside the fight. Gast took so much footage that it took him twenty three years to sort and find backing for his Ali epic, and it all paid of through Gasts achievement at the Academy Awards. For Gast to be that involved that he shot so much relevant footage and to have pursued his vision until completion, he must have received so much inspiration from Muhammad Ali and the events surrounding the 1974 Championship bout. This was clearly portrayed to me by the depths that the film reached. Ali was revolutionary in black AmericasIdeals, whilst still pushing messages to the white and black kids back home Quit eatin candy..We must whup Mr. Tooth Decay and Gast demonstrates this to us throughout, showing us the arrogant and boastful Ali as well as the quiet homely man outside of a log cabin with friends and family playing of the effectiveness of Alis immortal charisma . The concept of the fight is effective in appeal and Gast brings this to our attention through the contrast he provides between Africa and America. One scene which demonstrates the radical changes of the era when Ali is on his way to Zaire and comments quite thoroughly on the presence of black pilots and crew, he is quite clearly amazed demonstrating importance for the emancipation of Africans living in America (a topic relevant to the era and to today). Gast also has managed to capture an important movement in the history of popular music- the acceptance and explosion of black mans music. Gast includes stellar concert footage of James Brown and BB King drawing important parallels between Alis global domination of boxing and the worldwide influence of hip hop, soul, rhythm and blues and jazz which is still present today and is a part of popular culture. The individual duel for the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship in itself is effective in providing another drawcard for Gast. Alis defiance of America- in refusing to enter the armed forces during the Vietnam war- had resulted in a jail sentence and loss of the title. This was Alis return, the greatest of all time was returning to the ring to face one of the most formidable individuals ever to step in to the square shaped arena, making it a bout no red-blooded American and no self respecting sports fan worldwide could miss. Gasts subject matter the fight itself and people involved namely Ali are perhaps one of the most appealing events to be covered in sports history (with relation to real life relevance)The people involved in Gasts documentary are remarkably effective in delivering the recount of the Rumble in the Jungle combining aging experts with those who were scattered amongst the commotion that was the concert and fight in Zaire, 1974. Spike Lee appears throughout to provide a modern, filmmakers perspective while George Plimpton and Norman Mailer commentate, adding excitement and human dimension to the fight. Mailer and Plimpton covered the fight in the seventies and provide us with a credible recount and are effective in providing professional detail for us helping us understand some more technical angles explored by Gast.