Inventor Joseph Bramah Patented a New Safety Lock

Joseph Bramah was born April 13, 1748, in   Stainborough Lane Farm, Stainborough,  Barnsley  Yorkshire. He was an English  inventor  and  locksmith. He is best known for having invented the  hydraulic press. He is considered along with William George Armstrong, a father of hydraulic engineering. Early Years Bramah  was the second son in the family of  four sons and two daughters  of Joseph Bramma (different spelling), a farmer, and his wife, Mary Denton. He studied at the local school and after finishing school he completed a carpentry apprenticeship. He then moved to  London, where he began working as a cabinet-maker. In 1783 he married Mary Lawton and the couple established their home in London. They eventually had a daughter and four sons. Water Closet In  London, Bramah worked installing water closets (toilets) which were designed by Alexander Cumming in 1775. He discovered, though, that model being installed in London houses had a tendency to freeze in cold weather. Although it was technically his boss who improved the design by replacing the usual slide valve with a hinged flap that sealed the bottom of the bowl, Bramah obtained the patent for it in 1778,  and began making toilets at a workshop. The design was produced well into the 19th century. Bramahs original water closets are still working in  Osbourne House,  Queen Victorias home on the  Isle of Wight. Bramah Safety Lock After attending some lectures on technical aspects of  locks, Bramah patented the Bramah  safety lock  on August 21, 1784. His lock was considered unpickable until it was finally picked in 1851. This lock is now located in the Science Museum in London. According to lock expert Sandra Davis, In 1784, he patented his lock which for many years had the reputation of being absolutely unpickable. He offered  £200 to anyone who could pick his lock and although many tried it - it was not until 1851 that the money was won by an American, A.C. Hobbs, although it took him 16 days to do it! Joseph Bramah was deservedly  honoured  and admired as one of the earliest mechanical geniuses of his day. The same year as he received his lock patent, he  set up the Bramah Lock Company. Other Inventions Bramah went on to create a hydrostatic machine (hydraulic press), a beer pump, the four-cock, a quill sharpener, a working  planer, methods of paper-making, improved fire engines and printing machines.   In 1806, Bramah patented a machine for printing banknotes  that was used by the Bank of England. One of Bramahs last inventions was a hydrostatic press capable of uprooting trees. This was used at Holt Forest in  Hampshire. While superintending this work Bramah caught a cold, which led to pneumonia. He died at on December 9, 1814. He was buried in the churchyard of St. Marys,  Paddington . Bramah ultimately obtained 18 patents for his designs between 1778 and 1812. In 2006 a pub in  Barnsley was opened named the Joseph Bramah in his memory.

Summary Forever Free Essay - 1367 Words

Erik Low Franco U.S. History H. 12 September 2016 Forever Free Chapter one The Peculiar Institution A main idea in the first chapter is about the history of slavery and freedom in the U.S. Firstly slavery had existed during the American Revolution. Despite the fact that the founding fathers wanted freedom as a right to all men, then African Americans should also rightfully be allowed freedom. Foner quotes Lemuel Haynes, â€Å" If liberty were truly ‘an innate principle† for all mankind’ Haynes wrote, ‘ even an African [had] as equally good a right to his liberty in common with Englishmen.’(Foner 9). Slavery was a problem in the United States history from the beginning. In addition to the history of slavery in the U.S. Foner also talks about not only the South s dependence on slavery, but the North as well. Even though the Northern states abolished slavery, cotton was necessary for making textiles in the industrial factories in the North. As slavery continued so did the need for it, and th e economy began to rely on it. It was especially important in the 19th century. Even with the North against slavery, the South kept it, because it was important to make money. Another important idea is the rights of a free African American, as opposed to a white man. Foner states that â€Å"No black, free or slave, could own arms, strike a white man, or employ a white servant. Any white person could apprehend any black to demand a certificate of freedom or aShow MoreRelated Escaping the Chains of Slavery Essay626 Words   |  3 Pageseight when he was sent to live in Baltimore, a move that would forever change his life. He was introduced to a different way of living for a slave. For example, on the plantation slaves were subject to merciless beatings, hunger, and cold. Clothing was provided, but if slaves did not sustain them throughout the year, they were forced to walk around half-naked. 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Maple Leaf Foods Leading Six Sigma Change free essay sample

Based on the introduction of the case study, it seems that Miyashita is having some problems with the issues that are related to Six Sigma, which had launched a year ago in MLF. Based on the conclusion, MLF has achieved in implementing Six Sigma to some extend and MLF is trying very hard to improve and be successful in practicing Six Sigma. From the follow up title, â€Å"Maple Leaf Foods (B): Six Sigma in 2002† and the heading, one can assume that the case study is about the challenges and the progress of Six Sigma of MLF in 2002. Based on the introduction of the case study, one can see that MLF achieved a huge improvement in implementing Six Sigma. For example, there is 293% increase in the number of Black Belts and MLF have done a lot of projects that are related to Six Sigma. In the case of Maple Leaf Foods, the key decision maker is ultimately Michael McCain, president and CEO of the company. His decision involved finding areas within the production of the company’s products where improvements could be made through executing changes. McCain’s objectives were to implement a reorganization of the corporate structure to ensure a culture of continuous improvement. The other actor in this particular case is Bruce Miyashita, a well-established manager who was also Six Sigma trained. His objectives for assisting Maple Leaf Foods included informing the employees about Six Sigma and introducing the practice into everyday functions as a means to improve production and quality among their processes. Miyashita’s plan was to train current employees and change their ways of thinking in order to have a lasting effect even after he was gone. Both McCain and Miyashita took time to plan out and test the changes within three of the 11 independent operating companies that make Maple Leaf Foods. They were careful to educate the employees and show them the benefits of using Six Sigma to improve business. Through careful planning and implementation, they were successful in creating a better, higher-skilled workforce and redefined the corporate structure for better quality and more effective processes for production. MLF encountered many problems with implementing Six Sigma. The main problem was resistance to Six Sigma. The resistance took on many forms. One was statistical illiteracy among employees, lack of understanding of Six Sigma, another was fear of Six Sigma getting all the credit for fixing problems, or political opposition by employees based solely on misconceptions and bad past experiences. The company had to convert the resistors by selling Six Sigma. The first step they took was by bringing in an outsider, Bruce Miyashita, who had a black belt in Six Sigma and many years at other companies implementing Six Sigma, such as IBM and Bombardier. Miyashita took to implementing Six Sigma at MLF at slow, methodical pace. The first training sessions did not start until six months after he was hired. He did this because he felt that if Six Sigma had been announced and defined immediately, there would not have been enough substance to their program to hold the employees attention. The six months leading up to the initial training of Six Sigma Miyashita went on an internal selling campaign. This was to build curiosity into what Six Sigma actually was. After six months of selling Six Sigma Miyashita started training programs for green and black belt. This educated employees on what Six Sigma actually is, how to use, and how it helps them perform their job at a higher level. This eased a lot of the resistance that was felt among many employees. Once Six Sigma began to be implemented other problems arose. Such as the rapid demand for Six Sigma to solve complex issues. The challenges were not only executing Six Sigma in an effective way to solve such complex problems, but also cocoordinating them with other projects and tasks through out the company. In order to solve these issues teams of black belts set out not just to solve one problem, and then have another problem arise because of the quick fix. In order to solve these problems they had to change other processes of the company to adjust to the fix. These black belt teams did things such as mapping, baseline improvement, and work data collection to solve such complex problems. Michael McCain’s early adoption of Six Sigma was a course of action that had very positive short-term consequences. The program was labeled what it was, Six Sigma, not some other arbitrary dull-sounding quality initiative name. He was wise enough to realize that for a quality control initiative to actually be effective at MLF he was going to have to understand and back the system 100% from the very onset, before demanding cooperation from his employees. In this manner, before the program was even rolled-out to the employees; the Board adopted it. The message was clear; this was a quality improvement initiative the company was going to follow through on. The lack of aggressiveness during the rollout of Six Sigma at MLF was later viewed with mixed results. It is still pondered whether the slow rollout of the program was the better choice. They could have rolled the program out all at once or nearly all at once across the IOCs. Based upon the overwhelming demand from employees to learn Six Sigma skills, it appears that the slow rollout seemed to have worked well in this organization. As employees saw their colleagues’ success with the program, they then wanted to learn more about Six Sigma and get involved too. A significant process led to the effective execution of the Six Sigma program. The program was sold before implementation was demanded from associates. This course of action really proved to be effective. McCain and Miyashita enlisted volunteers and mandated that once they were approved they remain in the program for a specified period of time; and they followed the shared-objectives mentality. In this manner, IOC Presidents remained the decision-makers of their firm, highly accountable for results, but with assistance from their Black Belt associates. These Black Belts were consultants from within the firm, not external forces with a separate agenda. This allowed the IOC President the time to continue with his/her job, while allowing the Black Belt the time to follow Six Sigma 100%. This process of first selling the program enlisted the trust and cooperation of the IOC Presidents. Finally, Miyashita was wise enough to realize from the onset that Six Sigma at MLF was not his; rather it was the associates’. All improvements that would be achieved would be the fruits of their labor. As he states, â€Å"I was sensitive to the fact that their previous quality person inflated the earlier program’s success, took credit for it and irritated people. I don’t want to have Six Sigma associated with me. †

Japanese Fascism

People always want good leadership and on the other hand, leaders want people to lead. What is however, of great concern in this form of leader-subject relationship is which party should have the power to choose.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Japanese Fascism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whether the subject should choose their leaders or whether the leaders should choose the style of leadership that they wish to impose on their people remains a thing of concern. From this issue of choice it is a fact that one form of leadership will fit a certain group of people where another form of leadership will not fit and vice versa. Post war Japan as most historians look at it can be termed as a complete representation of fascism. This paper therefore begins by looking at fascism as a concept; the paper will however focus on Japanese fascism through its differences and similarities with other forms of intern ational fascism. The paper finally looks at the role played by the Japanese culture in the support of the fascist ideology. To some society, the nation or the country is greater than an individual is and in the same societies, there is no one particular time that the two will ever be equal. This is the origin of fascism and the same approach provides the basis on which a fascism leadership is build. Fascism can be looked from both a concept and an ideology point of view and the later is the most dominant. Fascism can therefore be described as an extreme ideology that celebrates a nation or a race above all other form of loyalties. The concept therefore calls for revolution among the people in order to counter the threats of moral decay that comes in the form of materialism and individualism. This revolution also seeks to unite the people against the common enemy that threatens the nation. It goes without saying that there is safety in numbers and that all together it is difficult to get a victory then being in a fight alone facing something or somebody that is meaningfully bigger and stronger. To start with, the ideology focuses on the internal enemy before stretching its hands on the external enemy.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leaders always have a way of maintaining authority over the people; some will divide the people in order to rule them while on the other hand the fascists will create a common enemy for the people to impose their unity and submissiveness towards their leaders. Skirbekk (2011) emphasized on this by stating that â€Å"fascism was meant to strengthen and unite the people through emotional ties, such as willingness to make sacrifices and submit to discipline, so that the fascist leader could create order.† Myths and religions always go alongside the governments and leaderships and this is observable from all forms of governm ents that have existed in the ancient and the modern world. As concept fascism celebrates masculinity, the youths and their power alongside this factor is the power of violence that is also celebrated. Closely related to these facts are the aspects of doctrine and racial superiority and they all have a place in fascism. In order for fascist leaders to achieve, their leadership ambitions then they use the innocence of the people to promote imperialists expansion, doctrine superiority and ethnicity. It is also important to note that the ruling class has limited control over a fascist authority but the society has the most control. Although fascism promotes capitalism, some of its agenda do not fit well in capitalist ideology. The two ideologies however contradict and convince in their agenda. â€Å"Fascism is the dictatorship of monopoly capital drawn by its internal contradictions into policies of oppressions at home and expansion abroad† (Duss and Okimoto, 1997). This feature characterized post war Japan in the 1930s and this led most historians to describe experiences in this period as fascist (Olick, 1964). Capitalism was facing the Japanese’s authority and they perceived it as a threat. This threat is the main cause of the measures that the authority took; fascism emerged as the main or the key policy that the government of Japan adopted.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Japanese Fascism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fascism in Japan finds a lot of similarity to other forms of fascism that were taking place in other parts of the world such as Italy and Germany. However, there are some outstanding differences between the different forms of fascism. To begin with, opposition to communism, virulent nationalism, authoritarian form of government and aggression characterized Japanese fascism. These aspects are shared with other forms of fascism that took place in Germ any and Italy at the same historic period. The concept of fascism remains a controversial issue among historians and political scientists and for this reason, they have failed to reach consensus on the validity of fascism that was in Japan. In particular, the two groups have failed to agree on whether fascism is a revolutionary or a conservative issue. They have also failed to reach consensus as to whether fascism is a modern or a traditional issue. The other issue that is of concern is whether the concept is a direct consequence of the First World War. In addition, socio economic and agricultural modernization has a close link to fascism and this is another source of controversy among most scholars. Above all scholars have failed to reach consensus on the role of fascism as a form of ultra nationalism and as a means of restoring a country’s status. These controversies not only arise in Japanese fascism but it is also a common phenomenon in German and Italian fascism. The eve nts that took place from the time of industrial revolution to World War 1 had a close link to fascism although there is no clear-cut reason as to which event led to the rise of fascism. It is also important to note that all the above countries were directly influenced by these historical events and therefore the form of fascism present in these countries had many similarities. When it comes to taking control over people with their entire mind and might leaders emerges as the best. In a fascist authority, the issue of taking control over the people is of great significance and fascist leaders know that for them to control the naivety of the people well then they have to be affiliated to the religion and traditions of the people.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The national culture and religion was of great importance to fascist (Payne, 1999). Both in Japan and in Italy fascism was characterized by religion affiliation where in Japan, for example the fascist leadership existed in the umbrella of Buddhism while in Italy fascism was affiliated to the orthodox faith. Authority in the past has applied fascism to define the structures of their authorities or government although fascism in itself is not a fully defined political system (Duss and Okimoto, 1997). This fact gives the concept or ideology of fascism the ability to exist in different forms. However, it is important to note that these different forms are not easily distinguishable and as noted by (Sims, 2011) different categories of fascism cannot be distinguished and this applies even in Italy and Germany. In the same article (Sims, 2011) continues to argue that if the issue is perceived from that particular perspective then fascism in Japan did not begin with the invention of the wor d. In Japan, bureaucrats promoted a radical, authoritarian form of technocracy, referred to as â€Å"techno-fascism† (Mimura, 2011). This claim proves the point that fascism manifests in various forms, some can easily be noted while other cannot and this is a major similarity between the fascism in Japan and fascism in Germany, Italy and other European countries. Fascism lacks theoretical definition that is acceptable across border and across the different academic fields. In studying the concept of Japanese fascism, looking at the similarities and the differences that existed between Japanese fascism and the other fascism therefore remains the key element that is applicable. To begin with, unlike in Germany and Italy fascism brought economic destabilization in Japan. By the year 1930 the Japanese was doing far much better and it was closer to Italy and Germany economy more than the Spanish economy (Sims 2011). The Japanese industrial and agricultural sector was also doing mu ch better. However, fascism brought about economic stagnation, which caused dissatisfaction among the people. Fascism also led to massive unemployment. In particular â€Å"disputes involving labor unions did indeed rise from 393 in 1928 to 998 in 1931 and the number of strikes exceeded 80,000† (Sims 2011). Disputes among tenants and property owners also characterized the fascist era in Japan. The dissatisfaction among the Japanese people did not end with the labor union strike because in 1918, a major food crisis that led to the increase in rice prices led to massive demonstrations among the Japanese people. Another thing that was easily notable in Japan during this period is the support that was given to the society movements that were behind the demonstrations by top leaders in the government. All these activities that followed fascism point to one major thing, which is national destabilization. This destabilization is actually, what followed the adoption of this most antic ipated ideology of fascism. This is however very different to what happened in fascist Italy and Germany. â€Å"In this respect the situation in Japan, though less critical, was not unlike that in post-first world war Italy† (Sims, 2011). The young people always have a major role to play for an ideology to achieve its objective. In most cases, most of these ideologies take advantage of the youth’s innocence to work while the benefits go to the older generation. This leads to dissatisfaction among the young people and if this situation arises, the main consequence is destabilization of the economy. Unlike in fascist Germany and Italy the Japanese youths were dissatisfied with their government. The young people also form the majority of the lower class and therefore in Japan the disconnection between the middle and the lower class was a direct consequence of fascism (Siniawer 2008). In particular, expansion of Zaibastu had great effect in young and small-scale entreprene urs and this continued to create the differences between the two classes of people. The issue of unemployment especially among the youths also continued to widen the gap between the middle and the lower class. Although the ideology of fascism had contributed to the rise of the number of colleges and universities in Japan, most of these graduates remained unemployed even after completing their studies. Following this massive unemployment in Japan, the Japanese university students were left with no option than to join radical student’s movements and these movements such as the brotherhood movement band that was responsible for the 1932 assassinations (Reynolds 2004). So, fascism did not leave any choices to people in the countries that were reckoned to be democratic. These consequences of fascism in Japan create a major difference between Japan and other countries that underwent fascism. Contrary to Japan, fascism in Italy brought about the reduction of the gap between the rich and the poor. The ideology was also meant to reduce the differences of economic classes that existed in Europe before that. World War 1 played a major role in shaping the direction taken by the history of most states. To the Japanese’s people world war, one was the source of solidarity and this is what formed the basis for the fascism ideology. This however is different from what happened to postwar Germany and Italy. In these and most of the other European countries world war one had little or no effect on strengthening solidarity among the people. The war created a common enemy that the Japanese people had to fight and this is what strengthened their solidarity. From this solidarity, Japan emerges as a hostile country whereby most of its hostility was directed towards stakes that were against the national integration and solidarity. The approach that Japan was taking led to the deterioration in its international relations and caused its economic decline. A combination of t hese factors gives a clear reason as to why Japan favored a military leader over a democratic leader. Culture determines the people although most of the times people have claimed the opposite holds. Japanese are people who hold their culture to high esteem and therefore the culture of the people was a major determining factor in the success of fascism. The main issue between culture of the Japanese people and fascism is how the Japanese’s culture was able to adapt to fascism. Culture is mostly about how people dress, eat and behave and they are all subject to fascism influence. We are interested on how Japanese fascism operated in artifacts and texts and therefore the connection between it and real life is of concern (Tansman, 1960). From this statement, it is a fact that for Japanese culture and fascism to co-exist, then one had to submit to the other and this is the root of the culture adopting fascism. Violence characterized fascism and the Japanese people had to adopt vio lence as part of their culture. Violence however was part of the Japanese religion and in particular, the Japanese people had a god of war. As stated by Tasman (1960) the gods of war made real the connection between culture as a rhetoric and violence as a reality in life. This directly leads to the idea of heroism, which became a necessity in the culture of fascism. Young people hoped to live as national heroes and therefore they dedicated their lives to serve for the benefit of the Japanese empire (Duus Okimoto 1979). The Japanese people fully dedicated their service to the empire especially during the war to the extent of dying for the empire. Spiritual purity is a part of Japanese culture and this is emphasized through their Buddhist religion. The fascism ideology had the religion as the basis for its leadership and control of the people. The Japanese therefore found a connection between their religion and fascism and therefore their culture readily adapted to fascism. Japanese are also people who believe in hard work and this found application in fascism, which required people to work hard for the good of the Japanese empire. Conclusion Fascism is both an ideology and a concept that became dominant in Japan, Italy and Germany after world war one. Fascism was mainly put in place to foster national integration and development and it was meant to combat the external aggression. Fascism in Japan was different from fascism in Italy and Germany as in Italy and Germany, the Japanese fascism had its root on religion and the culture of the people. Similarly, in all the three states there were different forms of fascism that had no clear distinction. The major difference that stands between the fascism in the three states is that fascism in Japan led to decline in economic prosperity and social integration unlike in Italy and Germany (Sims, 2011). References Duus, Peter and Daniel Okimoto. â€Å"Fascism and the History of Pre-War-Japan: The Failure of a Concept.â €  Journal of Asian Studies 1 (November 1979). Mimura, Janis. 1963- Planning for empire: reform bureaucrats and the Japanese wartime state. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011. Olick, Jeffrey K. 1964- States of Memory: continuities, conflicts, and transformations in national retrospection. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003. Payne, S. G. Fascism in Spain, 1923- 1977. London. University of Wiscon Press. 1999. Reynolds, E. Bruce. Japan in the Fascist era. New York, N.Y. : Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Sims, Richard. Criminal Justice in Action: Belmont. Cengage Learning, 2011. Siniawer, Eiko Maruko. Japan in the Fascist era, 1860-1960. Ithaca. Cornell University Press, 2008. Skirbekk, Gilje, A History of Western Thoughts: From Ancient Greece to the Twentieth Century. New York: John Wily and Sons, 2011. Tansman, Alan. 1960- The culture of Japanese fascism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. This research paper on Japanese Fascism was written and submitted by user Madeleine U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.